The “Great Kingdom” was a kingdom said to be enormous, prosperous, and powerful. It was likely an enemy of the Twenty Kingdoms (which is now the World Government), as implied by Professor Clover, and was seemingly utterly destroyed by them over eight hundred years ago at the end of the Void Century.
In fact, it seems their defeat allowed the Ancient Alliance to truly become the World Government. Furthermore, it is the real reason the World Government has banned any Poneglyph deciphering and research as the mere “existence and idea of this kingdom presents a threat to the World Government”.
My speculation is that there were 7 families of the D. Clan that ruled within the Ancient Kingdom. We know all 7 of those families.
1-Trafalgar
2-Gol
3-Monkey
4-Portgas
5-Jaguar
6-Marshall
7-Rocks
Evidence:
7 Rooms in Mary Geoise. Harboring the 7 family heirlooms
All rooms were frozen as to preserve a body. 7 bodies = 7 family heads and their heirlooms. No other reason to freeze the rooms if you are not going to preserve organic tissue.
*Theory by OrangeAdmiral
